Solving the Automotive Bandwidth Problem: Aquantia Partners with NVIDIA for 10GbE

One of the lesser known topics around fully autonomous vehicles is one of transporting data around. There are usually two options: transport raw image and sensor data with super low latency but with high bandwidth requirements, or use encoding tools and DSPs to send fewer bits but at a higher latency. As we move into development of the first Level 4 (near autonomous) and Level 5 (fully autonomous) vehicle systems, for safety and response time reasons, low latency has won. This means shifting data around, and a lot of it. 

Bandwidth required, in Gbps for raw video at a given resolution and frame rate, also at a specific color depth. E.g. 720p30 at 24-bit RGB (8-bit per color) is 0.66 Gbps

Raw camera data is big: a 1080p60 video, with 8-bits of color per channel, requires a bandwidth of 0.373 GB/s. That is gigabytes per second, or the equivalent of 2.99 gigabits per second, per camera. Now strap anywhere from 4 to 8 of these sensors on board, the switches needed to manage them, the redundancy required for autonomy to still work if one element gets taken offline, and we hit a bandwidth problem. Gigabit simply isn’t enough. 

The announcement today is two fold: NVIDIA and Aquantia are announcing a partnership that means Aquantia based network controllers and PHYs will be used inside NVIDIA’s DrivePX Xavier platform, and subsequently the Pegasus platform as well. The second announcement is the new automotive product stack from Aquantia, AQcelerate, consisting of three chips depending on the automotive networking requirement. 

For the three new chips, one is a PHY, one is a PCIe network controller, and a third combines the two. The PHY can take a standard camera inputs (2500BASE-X, USXGMII, and XFI) and send the data through multi-gigabit Ethernet as required. The controller can take standard XFI 10 Gb SerDes data and output direct to PCIe, while the combination chip is as a regular MACPHY combo, converting Ethernet data to PCIe. All three chips are built on a 28nm process (Aquantia works with both TSMC and GloFo, but stated that for these products the fab is not being announced), and qualified for the AEC-Q100 industry standard. 

 
Click to enlarge block diagrams

The benefits of using multi-gigabit, as explained to us by Aquantia, is that it allows for a 2.5G connection using only a standard twisted pair cable, or 5G for dual pair, up to 10G for quad pair. Current automotive networking systems are based on single pair 100/1000Mbit technology, which is insufficient for the high bandwidth, low latency requirements that companies like NVIDIA put into their Level 4/5 systems. 

These chips were designed on Aquantia’s roadmap before its collaboration with NVIDIA, however NVIDIA approached Aquantia looking for something to work, given Aquantia’s current march on multi-gigabit Ethernet ahead of its rivals. We are told that the silicon doesn’t do anything special and specific with NVIDIA, allowing other companies keen on automotive technology to use Aquantia as well. With Aquantia’s lead in the multi-gigabit Ethernet space, over say Intel, Qualcomm, and Realtek, it seems that the only option at this point for wired connectivity, if you need to send raw data, is something like this. However, the lead time for collaboration seems to be substantial: Aquantia stated that NVIDIA’s Gary Shapiro recorded promotional material for them in the middle of last year, however Xavier was announced in 2016, so it is likely that Aquantia and NVIDIA were looking at integration before then. 

A quick side discussion on managing all this data. If there is 16 GB/s from all the sensors flying around, the internal switches and SoCs has to be able to handle it. At CES, NVIDIA provided a base block diagram of an Xavier SoC, including some details about its custom ARM cores, its GPU, the DSPs, and some about the networking. 

Image via CNX-Software

The slide shows that the silicon has gigabit and 10 gigabit embedded in (so it just needs a PHY to work), as well as 109 Gbps total networking support. On the Video Processor, it supports 1.8 gigapixel/s decode, which if we plug in some numbers (1080p60 = 124MPixel/s) allows for about a dozen or so cameras at 8bit color, or a combination of 4K cameras and other sensors. The images of the Xavier also show the ISP, capable of 1.5 gigapixel/s.

An mockup example from Aquantia showed a potential Level 4/5 autonomous arrangement, with 10 RADAR/LIDAR/SONAR sensors, 8 cameras, and a total of 18 PHYs, two controllers, and three switches. Bearing in mind that there is a level of redundancy for these systems (cameras and sensors should  connect two at least two switches, if one CPU fails than another can take over, etc), then this is a lot of networking silicon to go into a single car, and a large potential for anyone who can get the multi-gigabit data transfer done right. The question then comes down to power, which is something Aquantia is not revealing at this time, instead preferring to allow NVIDIA to quote a system wide level power.

The image at the top is the setup shown to us by Aquantia at CES, demonstrating a switch using AQcelerate silicon capable of supporting various cables, including the vital 2.5 Gbps over a single pair.

Related Reading

• Aquantia Launches New 2.5G/5G Multi-Gigabit Network Controllers for PCs
• Aquantia Launch AQtion 5G/2.5G/1G Multi-Gigabit Ethernet Cards (NICs) for PCIe
• Lower Cost 10GBase-T Switches Coming: 4, 5 and 8-port Aquantia Solutions at ~$30/Port
• Dell Now Offers Aquantia AQtion AQN-108-Based 5 GbE Cards with Select PCs

Intel to Acquire Mobileye for $15 Billion

In an interesting announcement today, Intel and Mobileye have entered into an agreement whereby Intel will commence a tender offer for all issued and outstanding ordinary shared of Mobileye. At $63.54 per share, this will equate to a value of approximately $15 billion.

Mobileye is currently one of a number of competitors actively pursuing the visual computing space, and the high item on that agenda is automotive. We’ve seen Mobileye announcements over the last few years, with relationships with car manufacturers on the road to fully autonomous vehicles. Intel clearly wants a piece of that action, aside from its own movement into automotive as well as cloud computing required for various automotive tasks.

Intel estimates that vehicle systems, data, and the services market for automotive to have a value around $70 billion by 2030, including edge cases through backhaul into cloud. This includes predictions such that 4TB of data per day per vehicle will be generated, which is going to require planning in infrastructure. Intel’s expertise in elements such as the RealSense technology and high-performance general compute will be an interesting match to Mobileye’s portfolio.

“This acquisition is a great step forward for our shareholders, the automotive industry, and consumers,” said Brian Krzanich, Intel CEO. “Intel provides critical foundational technologies for autonomous driving including plotting the car’s path and making real-time driving decisions. Mobileye brings the industry’s best automotive-grade computer vision and strong momentum with automakers and suppliers. Together, we can accelerate the future of autonomous driving with improved performance in a cloud-to-car solution at a lower cost for automakers.”

The acquisition will combine into a single organization under Intel’s Automated Driving Group, to be HQ in Israel and led by Prof Shashua, Mobileye’s co-founder, Chairman and CEO. All current contracts under Mobileye for automotive OEMs and tier-one suppliers will be retained under the single group, which will also be under Doug Davis, Intel’s SVP of Intel’s Automotive.

Mobileye currently offers on its roadmap products such as the EyeQ4 and EyeQ 5 SoCs, for level 3/4 autonomy in 2018 and 2020 respectively, as well as high-performance FPGAs for vision analytical techniques. The acquisition of Altera by Intel over a year ago as a step into the FPGA market may come into play here, as well as Intel’s semiconductor manufacturing facilities. As with Altera, it will likely take some time before full integration between Intel’s resources and Mobileye’s technology occurs.

There will be an investor call webcast on 3/13 at 8:30 am (ET) about this announcement at this link here. The full transaction is expected to close within nine months, subject to regulatory approval, and is not subject to any financing conditions. Intel intends to fund the acquisition with cash from the balance sheet.

As we get more information we will let you know.

Additional 1: For scope, Intel’s purchase of Altera was $16.7 billion, as we reported here.

Additional 2: Here is the Investor Call slide deck.

Gallery: Investor Call Slide Deck

Additional 3: It will require purchasing 95% of the ordinary stock, and will use offshore cash that Intel has not repatriated into the US.